DUELL , GARDNER , AND WALLER 1 1 2 3 Multi - Objective Traffic Network Design Accounting for Plug - in Electric Vehicle Energy 4 Consumption

30 31 In order to exploit the potential of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) as a sustainable form of 32 transport, this novel technology must be integrated into the traditional transport system 33 planning process. This work takes a step in that direction by incorporating PEV energy 34 consumption rates into network design decisions. Not only is energy consumption a proxy for 35 emissions in traditional vehicles, it will also become an essential issue for regional energy 36 providers who will need to adapt to the additional electricity demand created as PEVs 37 become a more ubiquitous form of transport. This work addresses the network design 38 problem (NDP) to minimize both system level energy consumption and total system travel 39 time, independently and as a multi-objective problem. The NDP is formulated and solved for 40 a road network with a high penetration of PEVs using a heuristic approach. For certain design 41 scenarios, minimizing total system travel time and minimizing energy consumption are 42 demonstrated to be conflicting objectives. The tradeoff in terms of each system performance 43 measure is quantified. Based on the results it is evident that both objectives must be 44 considered when planning for future networks that will be comprised of some portion of 45 PEVs. 46 47